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400 msps 14-bit, 1.8 v cmos direct digital synthesizer ad9951 rev. a information furnished by analog devices is believed to be accurate and reliable. however, no responsibility is assumed by analog devices for its use, nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties that may result from its use. specifications subject to change without notice. no license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of analog devices. trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners. one technology way, p.o. box 9106, norwood, ma 02062-9106, u.s.a. tel: 781.329.4700 www.analog.com fax: 781.461.3113 ?2003C2009 analog devices, inc. all rights reserved. features 400 msps internal clock speed integrated 14-bit dac 32-bit tuning word phase noise C120 dbc/hz @ 1 khz offset (dac output) excellent dynamic performance >80 db sfdr @ 160 mhz (100 khz offset) a out serial i/o control 1.8 v power supply software and hardware controlled power-down 48-lead tqfp/ep package support for 5 v input levels on most digital inputs pll refclk multiplier (4 to 20) internal oscillator, can be driven by a single crystal phase modulation capability multichip synchronization applications agile lo frequency synthesis programmable clock generators test and measurement equipment acousto-optic device drivers functional block diagram cos(x) control registers oscillator/buffer sync enable i/o update dac_r set dds core phase offset phase accumulator z ?1 z ?1 iout iout osk pwrdwnctl refclk refclk crystal out i/o port dds clock frequency tuning word clear phase accumulator amplitude scale factor dac system clock system clock sync_in sync_clk reset timing and control logic 4 to 20 clock multiplier 4 ad9951 32 32 14 14 19 14 0 m u x m u x 03359-001 figure 1.
ad9951 rev. a | page 2 of 28 table of contents features .............................................................................................. 1 applications ....................................................................................... 1 revision history ............................................................................... 2 general description ......................................................................... 3 ad9951 electrical specifications ................................................ 4 absolute maximum ratings ............................................................ 6 esd caution .................................................................................. 6 pin configuration ............................................................................. 7 pin function descriptions .............................................................. 8 typical performance characteristics ............................................. 9 theory of operation ...................................................................... 12 component blocks ..................................................................... 12 modes of operation ................................................................... 17 programming ad9951 features .............................................. 17 serial port operation ................................................................. 20 instruction byte .......................................................................... 22 serial interface port pin description ....................................... 22 msb/lsb transfe rs .................................................................... 22 suggested application circuits ..................................................... 24 outline dimensions ....................................................................... 25 or dering guide .......................................................................... 25 revision history 5/09 rev. 0 to rev. a changes to figure 1 .......................................................................... 1 changes to absolute maximum ratings section ......................... 7 changes to table 3 ............................................................................ 8 changes to table 5 .......................................................................... 14 changes to figure 19 ...................................................................... 19 changes to figure 20 ...................................................................... 20 changes to serial port operation section ................................... 20 changes to serial interface port pin description section ........ 22 changes to figure 27 ...................................................................... 24 updated outline dimensions. ...................................................... 25 changes to ordering guide .......................................................... 25 11/03 revision 0: initial version
ad9951 rev. a | page 3 of 28 general description the ad9951 is a direct digital synthesizer (dds) featuring a 14- bit dac operating up to 400 msps. the ad9951 uses ad vanced dds technology, coupled with an internal high speed, high performance dac to form a digitally programmable, complete high frequency syn thesizer capable of generating a fr e quency - agile analog output sinusoidal waveform at up to 200 mhz. the ad9951 is designed to provide fast frequency ho p ping and fine tuning resolution (32 - bit frequency tuning word). the frequency tuning and control words are loaded into the ad9951 via a serial i/o port. the ad9951 is specified to operate over the extended industrial temperature range of C 40c to +105c.
ad9951 rev. a | page 4 of 28 ad9951 electrical specifica tions table 1 . u nless otherwise no ted, avdd, dv dd = 1.8 v 5%, dv dd _i/o = 3.3 v 5%, r set = 3.92 k ?, external reference clock frequency = 20 mhz with refclk multiplier enabled at 20. dac output must be referenced to avdd, not agnd. parameter temp min typ max unit ref clock input characteristics frequency range refclk multiplier disabled full 1 400 mhz refclk multiplier enabled at 4 full 20 100 mhz refclk multiplier enabled at 20 full 4 20 mhz input capacitance 25c 3 pf input impedance 25c 1.5 k? duty cycle 25c 50 % du ty cycle with refclk multiplier enabled 25c 35 65 % refclk input power 1 full C 15 0 +3 dbm dac output characteristics resolution 14 bits full - scale output current 25c 5 10 15 ma gain error 25c C 10 +10 %fs output offset 25c 0.6 a diff erential nonlinearity 25c 1 lsb integral nonlinearity 25c 2 lsb output capacitance 25c 5 pf residual phase noise @ 1 khz offset, 40 mhz a out refclk multiplier enabled @ 20 25c C 105 dbc/hz refclk multiplier enabled @ 4 25c C 115 db c/hz refclk multiplier disabled 25c C 132 dbc/hz voltage compliance range 25c avdd C 0.5 avdd + 0.5 v wideband sfdr 1 mhz to 10 mhz analog out 25c 73 dbc 10 mhz to 40 mhz analog out 25c 67 dbc 40 mhz to 80 mhz analog out 25c 62 dbc 80 mhz to 120 mhz analog out 25c 58 dbc 120 mhz to 160 mhz analog out 25c 52 dbc narrow - band sfdr 40 mhz analog out (1 mhz) 25c 87 dbc 40 mhz analog out (250 khz) 25c 89 dbc 40 mhz analog out (50 khz) 25c 91 dbc 40 mhz analog out (10 khz) 25c 93 dbc 80 mhz analog out (1 mhz) 25c 85 dbc 80 mhz analog out (250 khz) 25c 87 dbc 80 mhz analog out (50 khz) 25c 89 dbc 80 mhz analog out (10 khz) 25c 91 dbc 120 mhz analog out (1 mhz) 25c 83 dbc 120 mhz analog out (250 khz) 25c 85 dbc 120 mhz analog out (50 khz) 25c 87 dbc 120 mhz analog out (10 khz) 25c 89 dbc 160 mhz analog out (1 mhz) 25c 81 dbc 160 mhz analog out (250 khz) 25c 83 dbc 160 mhz analog out (50 khz) 25c 85 dbc 1 60 mhz analog out (10 khz) 25c 87 dbc
ad9951 rev. a | page 5 of 28 parameter temp min typ max unit timing characteristics serial control bus maximum frequency full 25 mbps minimum clock pulse width low full 7 ns minimum clock pulse width high full 7 ns maximum clock rise/fall time full 2 ns minimum data setup time dvdd_i/o = 3.3 v full 3 ns minimum data setup time dvdd_i/o = 1.8 v full 5 ns minimum data hold time full 0 ns maximum data valid time full 25 ns wake - up time 2 full 1 ms minimum reset pulse width high ful l 5 sysclk cycles 3 i/o update to sync_clk setup time dvdd_i/o = 3.3 v full 4 ns i/o update to sync_clk setup time dvdd_i/o = 3.3 v full 6 ns i/o update, sync_clk hold time full 0 ns latency i/o update to frequency change prop delay 25c 24 sysclk cycles i/o update to phase offset change prop delay 25c 24 sysclk cycles i/o update to amplitude change prop delay 25c 16 sysclk cycles cmos logic inputs logic 1 voltage @ dvdd_i/o (pin 43) = 1.8 v 25c 1.25 v logic 0 voltage @ dvdd_i/o (pin 43) = 1.8 v 25c 0.6 v logic 1 voltage @ dvdd_i/o (pin 43) = 3.3 v 25c 2.2 v logic 0 voltage @ dvdd_i/o (pin 43) = 3.3 v 25c 0.8 v logic 1 current 25c 3 12 a logic 0 current 25c 12 a input capacitance 25c 2 pf cmos lo gic outputs (1 ma load) dvdd_i/o = 1.8 v logic 1 voltage 25c 1.35 v logic 0 voltage 25c 0.4 v cmos logic outputs (1 ma load) dvdd_i/o = 3.3 v logic 1 voltage 25c 2.8 v logic 0 voltage 25c 0.4 v power consumption (avdd = dvdd = 1 .8 v) single - tone mode 25c 162 171 mw rapid power - down mode 25c 150 160 mw full - sleep mode 25c 20 27 mw synchronization function 4 maximum sync clock rate (dvdd_i/o = 1.8 v) 25c 62.5 mhz maximum sync clock rate (dvdd_i/o = 3.3 v) 2 5c 100 mhz sync_clk alignment resolution 5 25c 1 sysclk cycles 1 to achieve the best possible phase noise, the largest amplitude clock possible should be used. reducing the clock input amplitude will reduce the phase noise pe r formance of the device. 2 wake - up tim e refers to the recovery from analog power - down modes (see the power - down functions of the ad9951 section). the longest time required is for the refe r ence clock multiplier pll to relock to the reference. the wake - up time assumes th ere is no capacitor on dacbp and that the recommended pll loop filter values are used. 3 sysclk cycle refers to the actual clock frequency used on - chip by the dds. if the reference clock multiplier is used to multiply the external reference clock frequency , the sysclk frequency is the external frequency multiplied by the reference clock multiplication factor. if the reference clock multiplier is not used, the sysclk fr e quency is the same as the external reference clock frequency. 4 sync_clk = ? sysclk rate. for sync_clk rates 50 mhz, the high speed sync enable bit, cfr2<11>, should be set. 5 this parameter indicates that the digital synchronization feature cannot overcome phase delays (timing skew) between system clock rising edges. if the system clock edg es are aligned, the synchronization function should not increase the skew between the two edges.
ad9951 rev. a | page 6 of 28 absolute maximum rat ings table 2 . parameter rating maximum junction temperature 150c dvdd_i/o (pin 43) 4 v avdd, dvdd 2 v digital input voltage (dvdd_i/ o = 3.3 v) C 0.7 v to +5.25 v digital input voltage (dvdd_i/o = 1.8 v) C 0.7 v to +2.2 v digital output current 5 ma storage temperature C 65c to +150c operating temperature C 40c to +105c lead temperature (10 sec soldering) 300c ja 38c/w jc 15 c/w stresses above those listed under absolute maximum ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. this is a stress rating only; functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions above those indicated in the operational se c tion of this specification is not implied. exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability. esd caution iout iout must terminate outputs to avdd. do not exceed the output voltage compliance rating. dac outputs dvdd_i/o input digital inputs avoid overdriving digital inputs. forward biasing esd diodes may couple digital noise onto power pins. 03359-032 figure 2 . equivalent input and output circuits
ad9951 rev. a | page 7 of 28 pin configuration 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 48 47 46 45 44 13 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 i/o upd a te dvdd dgnd a vdd agnd a vdd agnd osc/refclk osc/refclk crystal out clkmodeselect loop_fi lter agnd a vdd agnd a vdd agnd a vdd iout a vdd iout dacb p dac_r set agnd osk dgnd dgnd sync_clk sync_in dvdd_i/o sclk dgnd sdio sdo cs iosync reset pwrdwnct l dvdd dgnd agnd agnd agnd a vdd agnd a vdd agnd a vdd notes 1. the exposed p addle on the bot t om of the p ackage forms an electrica l connection for the dac and must be att ached to analog ground. ad9951 top view (not to scale) 14 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 03359-002 f igure 3 . 48 - lead tqfp/ep note that pin 43, dvdd_i/o, can be powered to 1.8 v or 3.3 v; however, the dvdd pins (pin 2 and pin 34) can only be po w ered to 1.8 v.
ad9951 rev. a | page 8 of 2 8 pin function descrip tions table 3 . pin function descriptions 48- lead tqfp/ep pin no. mnemonic i/o description 1 i/o update i the rising edge transfers the contents of the internal buffer memory to the i/o registers. this pin must be set up and held around the sync_clk output signal. 2, 34 dvdd i digital power supply pins (1.8 v). 3, 33, 42, 47, 48 dgnd i digital power ground pins. 4, 6, 13, 16, 18, 19, 25, 27, 29 avdd i analog power supply pins (1.8 v). 5, 7, 14, 15, 17, 22, 26, 28, 30, 31, 32 agnd i analog power ground pins. 8 osc / i refclk complementary reference clock/oscillator input. when the refclk port is operated in single - ended mode, refclkb should be decoupled to avdd with a 0.1 f capacitor. 9 osc/refclk i reference clock/oscillator input. s ee clock input section for details on the oscillator/refclk operation. 10 crystal out o output of the oscillator section. 11 clkmodeselect i control pin for the oscillator section. when high, the oscillator section is enabled. wh en low, the oscillator section is bypassed. 12 loop_filter i this pin provides the connection for the external zero compensation network of the refc lk multipliers pll loop filter. the network consists of a 1 k ? resistor in series with a 0.1 f capacitor tied to avdd. 20 iout o complementary dac output. should be biased through a resistor to avdd, not agnd. 21 iout o dac output. sh ould be biased through a resistor to avdd, not agnd. 23 dacbp i dac band gap decoupling pin. a 0.1 f capacitor to agnd is recommended. 24 dac_r set i a resistor (3.92 k ? nominal) connected from agnd to dac_r set establishes the reference current for the d ac. 35 pwrdwnctl i input pin used as an external power - down control (see table 8 for details). 36 reset i active high hardware reset pin. assertion of the reset pin forces the ad9951 to the initial state, as described in the i/o port register map. 37 iosync i asynchronous active high reset of the serial port controller. when high, the current i/o operation is immediately terminated, enabling a new i/o operation to commence once iosync is returned low. if unused, ground this pin; do not allow this pin to float. 38 sdo o when operating the i/o port as a 3 - wire serial port, this pin serves as the serial data output. when operated as a 2 - wire serial port, this pin is unused and can be left unconnected. 39 cs i this pin functions as an active low chip select that allows multiple devices to share the i/o bus. 40 sclk i this pin functions as the serial data clock for i/o operations. 41 sdio i/o when operating the i/o port as a 3 - wire serial port, this pin serves as t he serial data input, only. when operated as a 2 - wire serial port, this pin is the bidirectional serial data pin. 43 dvdd_i/o i digital power supply (for i/o cells only, 3.3 v). 44 sync_in i input signal used to synchronize multiple ad9951s. this input i s connected to the sync_clk output of a master ad9951. 45 sync_clk o clock output pin that serves as a synchronizer for external hardware. 46 osk i input pin used to control the direction of the shaped on - off keying function when programmed for operation . osk is synchronous to the sync_clk pin. when osk is not programmed, this pin should be tied to dgnd. <49> agnd i the exposed paddle on the bottom of the package is a ground connection for the dac and must be attached to agnd in any board layout.
ad9951 rev. a | page 9 of 28 typi cal performance char acteris tics center 100mhz #res bw 3khz ?100 ?90 ?80 ?70 ?60 ?50 ?40 ?30 ?20 ?10 0 vbw 3khz sp an 200mhz sweep 55.56 s (401 pts) w1 s2 s3 fc aa ref 0dbm peak log 10db/ a tten 10db mkr1 98.0mhz ?70.68db 1 1r 03359-016 marker 100.000000mhz ?70.68db figure 4. f out = 1 mhz fclk = 400 msps, wbsfdr center 100mhz #res bw 3khz ?100 ?90 ?80 ?70 ?60 ?50 ?40 ?30 ?20 ?10 0 vbw 3khz sp an 200m hz sweep 55.56 s (401 pts) w1 s2 s3 fc aa ref 0dbm peak log 10db/ a tten 10db mkr1 80.0mhz ?69.12db 1 1r 03359-017 marker 80.000000mhz ?69.12db figure 5. f out = 10 mhz, fclk = 400 msps, wbsfdr center 100mhz #res bw 3khz ?100 ?90 ?80 ?70 ?60 ?50 ?40 ?30 ?20 ?10 0 vbw 3khz sp an 200mhz sweep 55.56 s (401 pts) w1 s2 s3 fc aa ref 0dbm peak log 10db/ a tten 10db mkr1 0hz ?68.44db 1 1r 03359-018 marker 40.000000mhz ?68.44db figure 6. f out = 40 mhz, fclk = 400 msps, wbsfdr center 100mhz #res bw 3khz ?100 ?90 ?80 ?70 ?60 ?50 ?40 ?30 ?20 ?10 0 vbw 3khz sp an 200m hz sweep 55.56 s (401 pts) w1 s2 s3 fc aa ref 0dbm peak log 10db/ a tten 10db mkr1 80.0mhz ?61.55db 1 1r 03359-019 marker 80.000000mhz ?61.55db figure 7. f out = 80 mhz fclk = 400 msps, wbsfdr center 100mhz #res bw 3khz ?100 ?90 ?80 ?70 ?60 ?50 ?40 ?30 ?20 ?10 0 vbw 3khz sp an 200m hz sweep 55.56 s (401 pts) w1 s2 s3 fc aa ref 0dbm peak log 10db/ a tten 10db mkr1 40.0mhz ?56.2db 1 1r 03359-020 marker 40.000000mhz ?56.2db figure 8 f out = 120 mhz, fclk = 400 msps, wbsfdr center 100mhz #res bw 3khz ?100 ?90 ?80 ?70 ?60 ?50 ?40 ?30 ?20 ?10 0 vbw 3khz sp an 200mhz sweep 55.56 s (401 pts) w1 s2 s3 fc aa ref 0dbm peak log 10db/ a tten 10db mkr1 0hz ?53.17db 1 1r 03359-021 marker 80.000000mhz ?53.17db figure 9. f out = 160 mhz, fclk = 400 msps, wbsfdr
ad9951 rev. a | page 10 of 28 center 1.105mhz #res bw 30hz ?100 ?90 ?80 ?70 ?60 ?50 ?40 ?30 ?20 ?10 0 vbw 30hz sp an 2mhz sweep 199.2 s (401 pts) w1 s2 s3 fc aa st ref ?4dbm peak log 10db/ a tten 10db mkr1 1.105mhz ?5.679dbm 1 03359-022 marker 1.105000mhz ?5.679d bm figure 10 . f out = 1.1 mhz, fclk = 400 msps, nbsfdr, 1 mhz center 10mhz #res bw 30hz ?100 ?90 ?80 ?70 ?60 ?50 ?40 ?30 ?20 ?10 0 v bw 30hz sp an 2mhz sweep 199.2 s (401 pts) w1 s2 s3 fc aa ref 0dbm peak log 10db/ a tten 10db mkr1 85khz ?93.01db 1 1r 03359-023 marker 40.000000mhz ?56.2db figure 11 . f out = 10 mhz, fclk = 400 msps, nbsfdr, 1 mhz center 39.9mhz #res bw 30hz ?100 ?90 ?80 ?70 ?60 ?50 ?40 ?30 ?20 ?10 0 vbw 30hz sp an 2mhz sweep 199.2 s (401 pts) w1 s2 s3 fc aa ref 0dbm peak log 10db/ a tten 10db mkr1 39.905mhz ?5.347dbm 1 03359-024 marker 39.905000mhz ?5.347dbm figure 12 . f out = 39.9 mhz, fclk = 400 msps, nbsfdr, 1 mhz center 80.25mhz #res bw 30hz ?100 ?90 ?80 ?70 ?60 ?50 ?40 ?30 ?20 ?10 0 vbw 30hz sp an 2mhz sweep 199.2 s (401 pts) w1 s2 s3 fc aa st ref ?4dbm peak log 10db/ a tten 10db mkr1 80.301mhz ?6.318dbm 1 03359-025 marker 80.301000mhz ?6.318d bm fi gure 13 . f out = 80.3 mhz, fclk = 400 msps, nbsfdr, 1 mhz center 120.2mhz #res bw 30hz ?100 ?90 ?80 ?70 ?60 ?50 ?40 ?30 ?20 ?10 0 v bw 30hz sp an 2mhz sweep 199.2 s (401 pts) w1 s2 s3 fc aa st ref ?4dbm peak log 10db/ a tten 10db mkr1 120.205mhz ?6.825dbm 1 03359-026 marker 120.205000mhz ?6.825dbm figure 14 . f out = 120.2 mhz, fclk = 400 msps, nbsfdr, 1 mhz center 160.5mhz #res bw 30hz ?100 ?90 ?80 ?70 ?60 ?50 ?40 ?30 ?20 ?10 0 v bw 30hz sp an 2mhz sweep 199.2 s (401 pts) w1 s2 s3 fc aa st ref ?4dbm peak log 10db/ a tten 10db mkr1 600khz ?0.9 1 1db 1 03359-027 center 160.5000000mhz figure 15 . f out = 160 mhz, fclk = 400 msps, nbsfdr, 1 mhz
ad9951 rev. a | page 11 of 28 frequenc y (hz) l(f) (dbc/hz) 10 ?170 ?160 ?150 ?140 ?130 ?120 ?1 10 ?100 ?90 ?80 ?70 ?60 ?50 ?40 ?30 ?20 ?10 0 1k 100 100k 1m 10k 10m 03359-028 figure 16 . residual phase noise with f out = 159.5 mhz, f clk = 400 msps (green), 4 100 msps (red), and 20 20 msps (blue) 10 ?170 ?160 ?150 ?140 ?130 ?120 ?1 10 ?100 ?90 ?80 ?70 ?60 ?50 ?40 ?30 ?20 ?10 0 1k 100 100k 10k 1m 03359-029 frequenc y (hz) l(f) (dbc/hz) figure 17 . residual phase noise with f out = 9.5 mhz, f clk = 400 msps (green), 4 100 msps (red), and 20 20 msps (blue)
ad9951 rev. a | page 12 of 28 theory of operation component blocks dds core the output frequency ( f o ) of the dds is a function of the frequency of the system clock (sysclk), the value of the frequency tuning word ( ftw ), and the capacity of the accumulator (2 32 , in this case). the exact relationship is given below with f s defined as the frequency of sysclk. ?? ?? 31 32 2 0 2/ ?? ? ftw with fftwf s o ? ? ? ? 1C2 2 2/C1 32 31 32 ?? ?? ftw with ftw ff so the value at the output of the phase accumulator is translated to an amplitude value via the cos(x) functional block and routed to the dac. in certain applications, it is desirable to force the output signal to zero phase. simply setting the ftw to 0 does not accomplish this; it only results in the dds core holding its current phase value. thus, a control bit is required to force the phase accumulator output to zero. at power-up, the clear phase accumulator bit is set to logic 1, but the buffer memory for this bit is cleared (logic 0). therefore, upon power-up, the phase accumulator will remain clear until the first i/o update is issued. phase-locked loop (pll) the pll allows multiplication of the refclk frequency. control of the pll is accomplished by programming the 5-bit refclk multiplier portion of control function register no. 2, bits <7:3>. when programmed for values ranging from 0x04 to 0x14 (4 decimal to 20 decimal), the pll multiplies the refclk input frequency by the corresponding decimal value. however, the maximum output frequency of the pll is restricted to 400 mhz. whenever the pll value is changed, the user should be aware that time must be allocated to allow the pll to lock (approximately 1 ms). the pll is bypassed by programming a value outside the range of 4 to 20 (decimal). when bypassed, the pll is shut down to conserve power. clock input the ad9951 supports various clock methodologies. support for differential or single-ended input clocks and enabling of an on-chip oscillator and/or a phase-locked loop (pll) multiplier are all controlled via user programmable bits. the ad9951 may be configured in one of six operating modes to generate the system clock. the modes are configured using the clkmodeselect pin, cfr1<4>, and cfr2<7:3>. connecting the external pin clkmodeselect to logic high enables the on-chip crystal oscillator circuit. with the on-chip oscillator enabled, users of the ad9951 connect an external crystal to the refclk and refclkb inputs to produce a low frequency reference clock in the range of 20 mhz to 30 mhz. the signal generated by the oscillator is buffered before it is delivered to the rest of the chip. this buffered signal is available via the crystal out pin. bit cfr1<4> can be used to enable or disable the buffer, turning on or off the system clock. the oscillator itself is not powered down in order to avoid long startup times associated with turning on a crystal oscillator. writing cfr2<9> to logic high enables the crystal oscillator output buffer. logic low at cfr2<9> disables the oscillator output buffer. connecting clkmodeselect to logic low disables the on-chip oscillator and the oscillator output buffer. with the oscillator disabled, an external oscillator must provide the refclk and/or refclkb signals. for differential operation, these pins are driven with complementary signals. for single- ended operation, a 0.1 f capacitor should be connected between the unused pin and the analog power supply. with the capacitor in place, the clock input pin bias voltage is 1.35 v. in addition, the pll may be used to multiply the reference frequency by an integer value in the range of 4 to 20. table 4 summarizes the clock modes of operation. note that the pll multiplier is controlled via the cfr2<7:3> bits, independent of the cfr1<4> bit. table 4.clock input modes of operation cfr1<4> clkmodeselect cfr2<7:3> oscillator enabled? system clock frequency range (mhz) low high 3 < m < 21 yes f clk = f osc m 80 < f clk < 400 low high m < 4 or m > 20 yes f clk = f osc 20 < f clk < 30 low low 3 < m < 21 no f clk = f osc m 80 < f clk < 400 low low m < 4 or m > 20 no f clk = f osc 10 < f clk < 400 high x x no f clk = 0 n/a
ad9951 rev. a | page 13 of 28 dac output the ad9951 incorporates an integrated 14 - bit current output dac. unlike most dacs, this o utput is referenced to avdd, not agnd. two complementary outputs provide a combined full - scale output current (i out ). differential outputs reduce the amount of common - mode noise that might be present at the dac output, of fering the advantage of an increas ed signal - to - noise ratio. the full - scale current is controlled by an external resistor (r set ) connected b e tween the dac_r set pin and the dac ground (agnd_dac). the full - scale current is propo r tional to the resistor value as follows: out set i r /19.39 = the maximum full - scale output current of the combined dac outputs is 15 ma, but limiting the output to 10 ma provides the best spurious - free dynamic range (sfdr) performance. the dac output compliance range is avdd + 0.5 v to avdd C 0 . 5 v. voltages devel oped beyond this range will cause excessive dac disto r tion and could potentially damage the dac output circuitry. proper attention should be paid to the load termination to keep the output voltage within this compl i ance range. serial io port the ad9951 se rial port is a flexible, synchronous serial commun i cations port that allows easy interface to many industry - standard microcontrollers and microprocessors. the serial i/o port is co m patible with most synchronous transfer formats, including both the motorola 6905/11 spi? and intel? 8051 ssr protocols. the interface allows read/write access to all registers that co n figure the ad9951. msb first or lsb first transfer formats are supported. the ad9951s serial interface port can be configured as a single pin i/o (sdio), which allows a 2 - wire interface or two unidirectional pins for in/out (sdio/sdo), which in turn enables a 3 - wire inte r face. two optional pins, iosync and cs register map and descriptions , enable greater flexibility for system d e sign in the ad9951. the register map is listed in table 5 .
ad9951 rev. a | page 14 of 28 table 5 . register map register name (serial address) bit range (msb) bit 7 bit 6 bit 5 bit 4 bit 3 bit 2 bit 1 (lsb) bit 0 default value control function register no.1 (cfr1) (0x00) <7:0> digital power - down not used dac power - down clock input power - down external power - down mode not used sync_clk out disable not used 0x00 <15:8> not used not used autoc lr phase accum enable sine output not used clear phase accum. sdio input only lsb first 0x00 <23:16> automatic sync enable software manual sync not used 0x00 <31:24> not used load arr @ i/o ud osk enable auto osk keying 0x00 control function register no. 2 (cfr2) (0x01) <7:0> refclk multiplier 0x00 or 0x01, or 0x02 or 0x03: bypass multiplier 0x04 to 0x14: 4 to 20 multiplication vco range charge pump current <1:0> 0x00 <15:8> not used high speed sync enable hardware manual sync enable crystal out pi n active not used 0x00 <23:16> not used 0x18 amplitude scale factor (asf) (0x02) <7:0> amplitude scale factor register <7:0> 0x00 <15:8> auto ramp rate speed control <1:0> amplitude scale factor register <13:8> 0x00 amplitude ramp rate ( arr) (0x03) <7:0> amplitude ramp rate register <7:0> 0x00 frequency tuning word (ftw0) (0x04) <7:0> frequency tuning word no. 0 <7:0> 0x00 <15:8> frequency tuning word no. 0 <15:8> 0x00 <23:16> frequency tuning word no. 0 <23:16> 0x00 <31:24> frequency tuning word no. 0 <31:24> 0x00 phase offset word (pow0) (0x05) <7:0> phase offset word no. 0 <7:0> 0x00 <15:8> not used<1:0> phase offset word no. 0 <13:8> 0x00
ad9951 rev. a | page 15 of 28 control register bit descriptions control function register no. 1 (cfr1) the cfr1 is used to control the various functions, features, and modes of the ad9951. the functionality of each bit is de tailed below. cfr1<31:27>: not used cfr1<26>: amplitude ramp rate load control bit cfr1<26> = 0 (default). the amplitude ramp rate timer is load ed only upon timeout (timer == 1) and is not loaded due to an i/o update input signal. cfr1<26> = 1. the amplitude ramp rate timer i s loaded upon timeout (timer == 1) or at the time of an i/o update input si g nal. cfr1<25>: shaped on - off keying enable bit c fr1<25> = 0 (default). shaped on - off keying is b y passed. cfr1<25> = 1. shaped on - off keying is enabled. when e nabled, cfr1<24> controls the mode of operation for this fun c tion. cfr1<24>: auto shaped on - off keying enable bit (only valid when cfr1<25> is act ive high) cfr1<24> = 0 (default). when cfr1<25> is active, a logic 0 on cfr1<24> enables the manual shaped on - off keying oper a tion. each amplitude sample sent to the dac is multiplied by the amplitude scale factor. see the shaped on - off keying section for d etails. cfr1<24> = 1. when cfr1<25> is active, a logic 1 on cfr1<24> enables the auto shaped on - off keying oper a tion. toggling the osk pin high will cause the output scalar to ramp up from zero scale to the amplitude scale factor at a rate dete r mined by the amplitude ramp rate. toggling the osk pin low will cause the output to ramp down from the amplitude scale factor to zero scale at the amplitude ramp rate. see the shaped on - off keying section for d e tails . cfr1<23>: automatic synchronization enable bit cfr1<23> = 0 (default). the automatic synchronization fe a ture of multiple ad9951s is inactive. cfr1<23> = 1. the automatic synchronization feature of multiple ad9951s is active. the device will synchronize i ts in ternal synchronization clock (sync_clk) to align to the signal present on the sync_in input. see the synchronizing multiple ad9951s section for d etails. cfr1<22>: software manual synchronization of multiple ad9951 cfr1<22> = 0 (default). the manual synchronization fe a ture is inactive. cfr1<22> = 1. the software controlled manual synchroniz a- tion feature is executed. the sync_clk rising edge is advanced by one sync_clk cycle and this bit is cleared. to ad vance the rising edge m ultiple times, this bit needs to be set for each advance. see the synchronizing multiple ad9951s se c tion for details. cfr1<21:14>: not used cfr1<13>: auto - clear phase accumulator bit cfr1<13> = 0 (default), the current state of the phase accumulator remains unchanged when the frequency tu n ing word is applied. cfr1<13> = 1. this bit automatically synchronously clears (loads 0s into) the phase accumulator for one cycle upon rece p tion of an i/o update signal. cfr1<12>: sine/cosine sel ect bit cfr1<12> = 0 (default). the angle - to - amplitude conve r sion logic employs a cosine function. cfr1<12> = 1. the angle - to - amplitude conversion logic em ploys a sine function. cfr1<11>: not used cfr1<10>: clear phase accumulator cfr1<10> = 0 (default). the phase accumulator fun c tions as normal. cfr1<10> = 1. the phase accumulator memory elements are cleared and held clear until this bit is cleared. cfr1<9>: sdio input only cfr1<9> = 0 (default). the sdio pin has bidirectional oper a tion (2 - wire serial pro gramming mode). cfr1<9> = 1. the serial data i/o pin (sdio) is confi g ured as an input only pin (3 - wire serial programming mode). cfr1<8>: lsb first cfr1<8> = 0 (default). msb first format is active. cfr1<8> = 1. the serial interface accepts serial data in lsb first format. cfr1<7>: digital power - down bit cfr1<7> = 0 (default). all digital functions and clocks are a c tive. cfr1<7> = 1. all non - io digital functionality is su s pended, lowering the power significantly.
ad9951 rev. a | page 16 of 28 cfr1<6>: not used cfr1<5>: dac power-down bit cfr1<5> = 0 (default). the dac is enabled for operation. cfr1<5> = 1. the dac is disabled and is in its lowest power dissipation state. cfr1<4>: clock input power-down bit cfr1<4> = 0 (default). the clock input circuitry is enabled for operation. cfr1<4> = 1. the clock input circuitry is disabled and the device is in its lowest power dissipation state. cfr1<3>: external power-down mode cfr1<3> = 0 (default). the external power-down mode selected is the rapid recovery power-down mode. in this mode, when the pwrdwnctl input pin is high, the digital logic and the dac digital logic are powered down. the dac bias circuitry, pll, oscillator, and clock input circuitry are not powered down. cfr1<3> = 1. the external power-down mode selected is the full power-down mode. in this mode, when the pwrdwnctl input pin is high, all functions are powered down. this includes the dac and pll, which take a significant amount of time to power up. cfr1<2>: not used cfr1<1>: sync_clk disable bit cfr1<1> = 0 (default). the sync_clk pin is active. cfr1<1> = 1. the sync_clk pin assumes a static logic 0 state to keep noise generated by the digital circuitry at a minimum. however, the synchronization circuitry remains active (internally) to maintain normal device timing. cfr1<0>: not used, leave at 0 control function register no. 2 (cfr2) the cfr2 is used to control the various functions, features, and modes of the ad9951, primarily related to the analog sections of the chip. cfr2<23:12>: not used cfr2<11>: high speed sync enable bit cfr2<11> = 0 (default). the high speed sync enhancement is off. cfr2<11> = 1. the high speed sync enhancement is on. this bit should be set when attempting to use the auto-synchronization feature for sync_clk inputs beyond 50 mhz, (200 msps sysclk). see the synchronizing multiple ad9951s section for details. cfr2<10>: hardware manual sync enable bit cfr2<10> = 0 (default). the hardware manual sync function is off. cfr2<10> = 1. the hardware manual sync function is enabled. while this bit is set, a rising edge on the sync_in pin will cause the device to advance the sync_clk rising edge by one refclk cycle. unlike the software manual sync enable bit, this bit does not self-clear. once the hardware manual sync mode is enabled, it will stay enabled until this bit is cleared. see the synchronizing multiple ad9951s section for details. cfr2<9>: crystal out enable bit cfr2<9> = 0 (default). the crystal out pin is inactive. cfr2<9> = 1. the crystal out pin is active. when active, the crystal oscillator circuitry output drives the crystal out pin, which can be connected to other devices to produce a reference frequency. the oscillator will respond to crystals in the range of 20 mhz to 30 mhz. cfr2<8>: not used cfr2<7:3>: reference clock multiplier control bits this 5-bit word controls the multiplier value out of the clock- multiplier (pll) block. valid values are decimal 4 to 20 (0x04 to 0x14). values entered outside this range will bypass the clock multiplier. see the phase-locked loop (pll) section for details. cfr2<2>: vco range control bit this bit is used to control the range setting on the vco. when cfr2<2> == 0 (default), the vco operates in a range of 100 mhz to 250 mhz. when cfr2<2> == 1, the vco operates in a range of 250 mhz to 400 mhz. cfr2<1:0>: charge pump current control bits these bits are used to control the current setting on the charge pump. the default setting, cfr2<1:0>, sets the charge pump current to the default value of 75 a. for each bit added (01, 10, 11), 25 a of current is added to the charge pump current: 100 a, 125 a, and 150 a.
ad9951 rev. a | page 17 of 28 other register descriptions amplitude scale factor (asf) the asf register stores the 2-bit auto ramp rate speed value and the 14-bit amplitude scale factor used in the output shaped keying (osk) operation. in auto osk operation, asf <15:14> tells the osk block how many amplitude steps to take for each increment or decrement. asf<13:0> sets the maximum value achievable by the osk internal multiplier. in manual osk mode, asf<15:14> has no effect. asf <13:0> provide the output scale factor directly. if the osk enable bit is cleared, cfr1<25> = 0, this register has no effect on device operation. amplitude ramp rate (arr) the arr register stores the 8-bit amplitude ramp rate used in the auto osk mode. this register programs the rate at which the amplitude scale factor counter increments or decrements. if the osk is set to manual mode, or if osk enable is cleared, this register has no effect on device operation. frequency tuning word 0 (ftw0) the frequency tuning word is a 32-bit register that controls the rate of accumulation in the phase accumulator of the dds core. its specific role is dependent on the device mode of operation. phase offset word (pow) the phase offset word is a 14-bit register that stores a phase offset value. this offset value is added to the output of the phase accumulator to offset the current phase of the output signal. the exact value of phase offset is given by the following formula: ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? 360 2 14 pow modes of operation single-tone mode in single-tone mode, the dds core uses a single tuning word. whatever value is stored in ftw0 is supplied to the phase accumulator. this value can only be changed manually, which is done by writing a new value to ftw0 and by issuing an i/o update. phase adjustment is possible through the phase offset register. programming ad9951 features phase offset control a 14-bit phase offset () may be added to the output of the phase accumulator by means of the control registers. this feature provides the user with two different methods of phase control. the first method is a static phase adjustment, where a fixed phase offset is loaded into the appropriate phase offset register and left unchanged. the result is that the output signal is offset by a constant angle relative to the nominal signal. this allows the user to phase align the dds output with some external signal, if necessary. the second method of phase control is where the user regularly updates the phase offset register via the i/o port. by properly modifying the phase offset as a function of time, the user can implement a phase modulated output signal. however, both the speed of the i/o port and the frequency of sysclk limit the rate at which phase modulation can be performed. the ad9951 allows for a programmable continuous zeroing of the phase accumulator as well as a clear and release or auto- matic zeroing function. each feature is individually controlled via the cfr1 bits. cfr1<13> is the automatic clear phase accumulator bit. cfr1<10> clears the phase accumulator and holds the value to zero. continuous clear bit the continuous clear bit is simply a static control signal that, when active high, holds the phase accumulator at zero for the entire time the bit is active. when the bit goes low, inactive, the phase accumulator is allowed to operate. clear and release function when set, the auto-clear phase accumulator clears and releases the phase accumulator upon receiving an i/o update. the automatic clearing function is repeated for every subsequent i/o update until the appropriate auto-clear control bit is cleared. shaped on-off keying the shaped on-off keying function of the ad9951 allows the user to control the ramp-up and ramp-down time of an on-off emission from the dac. this function is used in burst transmis- sions of digital data to reduce the adverse spectral impact of short, abrupt bursts of data. auto and manual shaped on-off keying modes are supported. the auto mode generates a linear scale factor at a rate deter- mined by the amplitude ramp rate (arr) register controlled by an external pin (osk). manual mode allows the user to directly control the output amplitude by writing the scale factor value into the amplitude scale factor (asf) register. the shaped on-off keying function may be bypassed (disabled) by clearing the osk enable bit (cfr1<25> = 0). the modes are controlled by two bits located in the most signifi- cant byte of the control function register (cfr). cfr1<25> is the shaped on-off keying enable bit. when cfr1<25> is set, the output scaling function is enabled and cfr1<25> bypasses the function. cfr1<24> is the internal shaped on-off keying active bit. when cfr1<24> is set, internal shaped on-off keying mode is active; cfr1<24> is cleared, external shaped on-off keying mode is active. cfr1<24> is a dont care if the shaped on-off keying enable bit (cfr1<25>) is cleared. the power up condition is shaped on-off keying disabled (cfr1<25> = 0). figure 18 shows the block diagram of the osk circuitry.
ad9951 rev. a | page 18 of 28 auto shaped on-off keying mode operation the auto shaped on-off keying mode is active when cfr1<25> and cfr1<24> are set. when auto shaped on-off keying mode is enabled, a single scale factor is internally generated and applied to the multiplier input for scaling the output of the dds core block (see figure 18). the scale factor is the output of a 14-bit counter that increments/decrements at a rate determined by the contents of the 8-bit output ramp rate register. the scale factor increases if the osk pin is high and decreases if the osk pin is low. the scale factor is an unsigned value such that all 0s multiply the dds core output by 0 (decimal) and 0x3fff multiplies the dds core output by 16383 (decimal). for those users who use the full amplitude (14-bits) but need fast ramp rates, the internally generated scale factor step size is controlled via the asf<15:14> bits. table 6 describes the increment/decrement step size of the internally generated scale factor per the asf<15:14> bits. a special feature of this mode is that the maximum output amplitude allowed is limited by the contents of the amplitude scale factor register. this allows the user to ramp to a value less than full scale. table 6. auto-scale factor internal step size asf<15:14> (binary) increment/decrement size 00 1 01 2 10 4 11 8 osk ramp rate timer the osk ramp rate timer is a loadable down counter, which generates the clock signal to the 14-bit counter that generates the internal scale factor. the ramp rate timer is loaded with the value of the asfr every time the counter reaches 1 (decimal). this load and countdown operation continues for as long as the timer is enabled, unless the timer is forced to load before reaching a count of 1. if the load osk timer bit (cfr1<26>) is set, the ramp rate timer is loaded upon an i/o update or upon reaching a value of 1. the ramp timer can be loaded before reaching a count of 1 by three methods. method one is by changing the osk input pin. when the osk input pin changes state, the asfr value is loaded into the ramp rate timer, which then proceeds to count down as normal. the second method in which the sweep ramp rate timer can be loaded before reaching a count of 1 is if the load osk timer bit (cfr1<26>) is set and an i/o update is issued. the last method in which the sweep ramp rate timer can be loaded before reaching a count of 1 is when going from the inactive auto shaped on-off keying mode to the active auto shaped on-off keying mode; that is, when the sweep enable bit is being set. 03359-005 osk pin load osk timer cfr1<26> sync_clk auto desk enable cfr1<24> to dac auto scale factor generator ramp rate timer clock dds core osk enable cfr<25> amplitude scale factor register (asf) 0 0 1 01 01 hold inc/dec enable out cos(x) amplitude ramp rate register (asf) up/dn data load en figure 18. on-off shaped keying, block diagram
ad9951 rev. a | page 19 of 28 external shaped on-off keying mode operation the external shaped on-off keying mode is enabled by writing cfr1<25> to a logic 1 and writing cfr1<24> to a logic 0. when configured for external shaped on-off keying, the content of the asfr becomes the scale factor for the data path. the scale factors are synchronized to sync_clk via the i/o update functionality. synchronization; register updates (i/o update) functionality of the sync_clk and i/o update data into the ad9951 is synchronous to the sync_clk signal (supplied externally to the user on the sync_clk pin). the i/o update pin is sampled on the rising edge of the sync_clk. internally, sysclk is fed to a divide-by-4 frequency divider to produce the sync_clk signal. the sync_clk signal is provided to the user on the sync_clk pin. this enables synchronization of external hardware with the devices internal clocks. this is accomplished by forcing any external hardware to obtain its timing from sync_clk. the i/o update signal coupled with sync_clk is used to transfer internal buffer contents into the control registers of the device. the combina- tion of the sync_clk and i/o update pins provides the user with constant latency relative to sysclk, and also ensures phase continuity of the analog output signal when a new tuning word or phase offset value is asserted. figure 19 demonstrates an i/o update timing cycle and synchronization. notes to synchronization logic: 1. the i/o update signal is edge detected to generate a single rising edge clock signal that drives the register bank flops. the i/o update signal has no constraints on duty cycle. the minimum low time on i/o update is one sync_clk clock cycle. 2. the i/o update pin is set up and held around the rising edge of sync_clk and has zero hold time and 4 ns setup time. 03359-006 sysclk sdi sync_cl k disable 10 0 sclk to core logic cs osk d q d q i/o update d q 4 sync_clk gating edge detection logic register memory i/o buffer latches figure 19. i/o synchronization block diagram
ad9951 rev. a | page 20 of 28 sysclk sync_clk i/o upd a te dat a in i/o buffers dat a in registers a b a b dat a 1 dat a 2 dat a 3 dat a 0 dat a 1 dat a 2 the device registers an i / o upd a te a t point a. the d at a is transferred from the i/o buffers a t point b. 03359-007 figure 20 . i/o synchronization timing diagram synchronizing multiple ad9951s the ad9951 pro duct allows easy synchronization of multiple ad9951s. there are three modes of synchronization available to the user: an automatic synchronization mode, a software controlled manual synchronization mode, and a hardware controlled manual synchron i zation m ode. in all cases, when a user wants to synchronize two or more devices, the following considerations must be observed. first, all units must share a co m mon clock source. trace lengths and path impedance of the clock tree must be designed to keep the phase delay of the di f ferent clock branches as closely matched as possible. second, the i/o update signals rising edge must be provided syn chron - ously to all devices in the system. finally, regardless of the in ternal synchronization method used, the dvdd_i/o supply should be set to 3.3 v for all devices that are to be synchronized. avdd and dvdd should be left at 1.8 v. in automatic synchronization mode, one device is chosen as a master; the other device(s) will be slaved to this master. when configured in thi s mode, the slaves will automatically synchro n- ize their internal clocks to the sync_clk output signal of the master device. to enter automatic synchronization mode, set the slave devices automatic synchronization bit (cfr1<23> = 1). connect the sync_in i nput(s) to the master sync_clk output. the slave device will continuously update the phase relationship of its sync_clk until it is in phase with the sync_in input, which is the sync_clk of the master device. when attempting to synchronize devices running at sysclk speeds b e yond 250 msps, the high speed sync enhancement enable bit should be set (cfr2<11> = 1). in software manual synchronization mode, the user forces the device to advance the sync_clk rising edge one sysclk cycle (1/4 sync_clk period). to a ctivate the manual synchronization mode, set the slave devices software manual syn chronization bit (cfr1<22> = 1). the bit (cfr1<22>) will be cleared immediately. to advance the rising edge of the sync_clk mult i ple times, this bit will need to be set mult iple times. in hardware manual synchronization mode, the sync_in in put pin is configured such that it will now advance the rising edge of the sync_clk signal each time the device detects a rising edge on the sync_in pin. to put the device into hard - ware manual synchroniz a tion mode, set the hardware manual synchronization bit (cfr2<10> = 1). unlike the software ma nual synchronization bit, this bit does not self - clear. once the har d ware manual synchronization mode is enabled, all rising edges detected on t he sync_in input will cause the device to advance the rising edge of the sync_clk by one sysclk cycle until this enable bit is cleared (cfr2<10> = 0). using a single crystal to drive multiple ad9951 clock inputs the ad9951 crystal oscillator output signal is available on the crystal out pin, enabling one crystal to drive multiple ad9951s. in order to drive multiple ad9951s with one crystal, the crystal out pin of the ad9951 using the external cry s tal should be connected to the refclk input of the other ad99 51. the crystal out pin is static until the cfr2<9> bit is set, en a bling the output. the drive strength of the crystal out pin is typ i cally very low, so this signal should be buffered prior to using it to drive any loads. serial port operatio n with the ad9 951, the instruction byte specifies read/write op eration and register address. serial operations on the ad9951 occur only at the register level, not the byte level. for the ad9951, the serial port controller recognizes the instruction byte register addres s and aut o matically generates the proper register byte address. in addition, the controller expects that all bytes of that register will be accessed. it is a required that all bytes of a register be accessed during serial i/o operations, with one exceptio n. the iosync function can be used to abort an i/o operation, thereby allowing less than all bytes to be a c cessed.
ad9951 rev. a | page 21 of 28 there are two phases to a communication cycle with the ad9951. phase 1 is the instruction cycle, which is the writing of an instruction byte into the ad9951, coincident with the first eight sclk rising edges. the instruction byte provides the ad9951 serial port controller with information regarding the data transfer cycle, which is phase 2 of the communication cycle. the phase 1 instruction byte defines whether the upcoming data transfer is read or write and the serial address of the register being accessed. the first eight sclk rising edges of each communication cycle are used to write the instruction byte into the ad9951. the remaining sclk edges are for phase 2 of the communication cycle. phase 2 is the actual data transfer between the ad9951 and the system controller. the number of bytes transferred during phase 2 of the communication cycle is a function of the register being accessed. for example, when accessing the control function register no. 2, which is three bytes wide, phase 2 requires that three bytes be transferred. if accessing the frequency tuning word, which is four bytes wide, phase 2 requires that four bytes be transferred. after transferring all data bytes per the instruc- tion, the communication cycle is completed. at the completion of any communication cycle, the ad9951 serial port controller expects the next eight rising sclk edges to be the instruction byte of the next communication cycle. all data input to the ad9951 is registered on the rising edge of sclk. all data is driven out of the ad9951 on the falling edge of sclk. figure 21 through figure 24 are useful in understand- ing the general operation of the ad9951 serial port. 0 3359-008 i 6 i 5 i 4 i 3 i 2 i 1 d 5 d 4 d 3 d 2 d 1 d 0 i 0 d 7 d 6 i 7 instruction cycle sclk sdio d a t a transfer cycle cs figure 21. serial port write timingCclock stall low 03359-009 i 6 i 5 i 4 i 3 i 2 i 1 i 0 don't care i 7 instruction cycle sclk sdio d a t a transfer cycle d o 5 d o 4 d o 3 d o 2 d o 1 d o 0 d o 7 d o 6 sdo cs figure 22. 3-wire serial port read timingCclock stall low 03359-010 i 6 i 5 i 4 i 3 i 2 i 1 d 5 d 4 d 3 d 2 d 1 d 0 i 0 d 7 d 6 i 7 instruction cycle sclk sdio d a t a transfer cycle cs figure 23. serial port write timingCclock stall high 03359-011 i 6 i 5 i 4 i 3 i 2 i 1 d o 5 d o 4 d o 3 d o 2 d o 1 d o 0 i 0 d o 7 d o 6 i 7 instruction cycle sclk sdio d a t a transfer cycle cs figure 24. 2-wire serial port read timingclock stall high
ad9951 rev. a | page 22 of 28 instruction byte the instruction byte contains the following information: table 7. msb d6 d5 d4 d3 d2 d1 lsb r/wb x x a4 a3 a2 a1 a0 r/wbbit 7 of the instruction byte determines whether a read or write data transfer will occur after the instruction byte write. logic high indicates read operation. logic 0 indicates a write operation. x, xbits 6 and 5 of the instruction byte are dont care. a4, a3, a2, a1, a0bits 4, 3, 2, 1, 0 of the instruction byte determine which register is accessed during the data transfer portion of the communications cycle. serial interface port pin description sclkserial clock. the serial clock pin is used to synchronize data to and from the ad9951 and to run the internal state machines. sclk maximum frequency is 25 mhz. csbchip select bar. csb is active low input that allows more than one device on the same serial communications line. the sdo and sdio pins will go to a high impedance state when this input is high. if driven high during any communications cycle, that cycle is suspended until cs is reactivated low. chip select can be tied low in systems that maintain control of sclk. sdio serial data i/o. data is always written into the ad9951 on this pin. however, this pin can be used as a bidirectional data line. bit 9 of register address 0x00 controls the configuration of this pin. the default is logic 0, which configures the sdio pin as bidirectional. sdoserial data out. data is read from this pin for protocols that use separate lines for transmitting and receiving data. in the case where the ad9951 operates in a single bidirectional i/o mode, this pin does not output data and is set to a high impedance state. iosyncit synchronizes the i/o port state machines without affecting the addressable registers contents. an active high input on the iosync pin causes the current communication cycle to abort. after iosync returns low (logic 0), another communication cycle may begin, starting with the instruction byte write. msb/lsb transfers the ad9951 serial port can support both most significant bit (msb) first or least significant bit (lsb) first data formats. this functionality is controlled by the control register 0x00 <8> bit. the default value of control register 0x00 <8> is low (msb first). when control register 0x00 <8> is set high, the ad9951 serial port is in lsb first format. the instruction byte must be written in the format indicated by control register 0x00 <8>. if the ad9951 is in lsb first mode, the instruction byte must be written from least significant bit to most significant bit. for msb first operation, the serial port controller will generate the most significant byte (of the specified register) address first followed by the next lesser significant byte addresses until the i/o operation is complete. all data written to (read from) the ad9951 must be (will be) in msb first order. if the lsb mode is active, the serial port controller will generate the least signifi- cant byte address first followed by the next greater significant byte addresses until the i/o operation is complete. all data written to (read from) the ad9951 must be (will be) in lsb first order. example operation to write the amplitude scale factor register in msb first format, apply an instruction byte of 0x02 (serial address is 00010(b)). from this instruction, the internal controller will generate an internal byte address of 0x07 (see the register map) for the first data byte written and an internal address of 0x08 for the next byte written. since the amplitude scale factor register is two bytes wide, this ends the communication cycle. to write the amplitude scale factor register in lsb first format, apply an instruction byte of 0x40. from this instruction, the internal controller will generate an internal byte address of 0x08 (see the register map) for the first data byte written and an internal address of 0x07for the next byte written. since the amplitude scale factor register is two bytes wide, this ends the communication cycle. power-down functions of the ad9951 the ad9951 supports an externally controlled or hardware power-down feature as well as the more common software programmable power-down bits found in previous adi dds products. the software control power-down allows the dac, pll, input clock circuitry, and digital logic to be individually powered down via unique control bits (cfr1<7:4>). with the exception of cfr1<6>, these bits are not active when the externally controlled power-down pin (pwrdwnctl) is high. external power-down control is supported on the ad9951 via the pwrdwnctl input pin. when the pwrdwnctl input pin is high, the ad9951 will enter a power-down mode based on the cfr1<3> bit. when the pwrdwnctl input pin is low, the external power-down control is inactive.
ad9951 rev. a | page 23 of 28 when the cfr1<3> bit is 0 and the pwrdwnctl input pin is high, the ad9951 is put into a fast recovery power - down mode. in this mode, the digital logic and the dac digital logic are powered down. the dac bias circuitry, pll, osci l lator, and clock input circuitry is not powered down. when the cfr1<3> bit is high, and the pwrdwnctl input pin is high, the ad9951 is put into the full power -d own mode. in this mode, all functions are powered down. this includes the dac and pll, which take a significant amount of time to po w er up. when the pwrdwnctl input pin is high, the individual power - down bits (cfr1<7>, <5:4>) are invalid (dont care) and u nused. when the pwrdwnctl input pin is low, the individual power - down bits control the power - down modes of oper a tion. note that the power - down signals are all designed such that a logic 1 indicates the low power mode and a logic 0 ind i cates the active or powered up mode. table 8 indicates the logic level for each power - down bit that drives out of the ad9951 core logic to the analog se c tion and the digital clock generation section of the chip for the external power - down operation. layout considerations for the best performance, the following layout guidelines should be observed. always provide the analog power supply (avdd) and the digital power supply (dvdd) on separate supplies, even if just from two different voltage regulators dr i ven by a common supply. likewise, the ground connections (agnd, dgnd) should be kept separate as far back to the source as possible (i.e., separate the ground planes on a loc a- lized board, even if the grounds connect to a common point in the system). bypass capacitors should be placed as close to the de vice pin as possible. usually, a multitiered bypassing scheme consisting of a small high frequency capacitor (100 pf) placed c lose to the supply pin and progressively larger capacitors (0.1 f, 10 f) fu rt her away from the actual supply source works best. table 8 . power - down control functions control mode active description pwrdwnctl = 0 cfr1<3> dont care software control digital power - down = cfr1<7> dac power - down = cfr1<5> inp ut clock power - down = cfr1<4> pwrdwnctl = 1 cfr1<3> = 0 external control, fast recovery power - down mode digital power - down = 1b1 dac power - down = 1b0 input clock power - down = 1b0 pwrdwnctl = 1 cfr1<3> = 1 external control, full power - down mode digit al power - down = 1b1 dac power - down = 1b1 input clock power - down = 1b1
ad9951 rev. a | page 24 of 28 suggested application circuits 03359-012 lpf ad9951 refclk rf/if input modul a ted/ demodulated signal figure 25. synchronized lo for upconversion/down conversion 03359-013 filter phase comparator loop filter ad9951 tuning world ref s ign a l vco figure 26. digitally programmable divide-by-n function in pll 03359-015 crystal frequency tuning word phase offset word 2 i/i-bar baseband frequenc y tuning word phase offset word 1 q/q-bar baseband sync in ad9951 dds refclk refclk refclk lpf sync out crystal out ad9951 dds iout iout lpf iout iout rf out figure 27. two ad9951s synchronized to provide i and q carriers with independent phase offsets for nulling
ad9951 rev. a | page 25 of 28 outline dimensions for proper connection of the exposed pad, refer to the pin configuration and function descriptions section of this data sheet. compliant t o jedec s t andards ms-026-abc 0.50 bsc lead pitch 0.27 0.22 0.17 9.00 bsc sq 7.00 bsc sq 37 37 48 48 1 13 12 1 12 24 13 24 25 36 25 36 1.05 1.00 0.95 0.20 0.09 0.08 max coplanarit y view a ro ta ted 90 ccw se a ting plane 0 min 7 3.5 0 0.15 0.05 0.75 0.60 0.45 1.20 max view a top view (pins down) bot t om view (pins up) pin 1 3.50 sq exposed p ad 011708-a figure 28 . 48 - lead thin quad fla t package, exposed pad [tqfp_ep] (sv - 48 - 4) dimensions shown in millimeters ordering guide model temperature range package description ordering quantity package option ad9951ysv ?40c to +105c 48- lead thin quad flat package, exposed pad [tqfp_ep] sv-48-4 ad9951ysv - reel7 ?40c to +105c 48- lead thin quad flat package, exposed pad [tqfp_ep] 500 sv- 48 -4 AD9951YSVZ 1 ?40c to +105c 48- lead thin quad flat package, exposed pad [tqfp_ep] sv- 48 -4 AD9951YSVZ - reel7 1 ?40c to +105c 48- lead thin quad flat pac kage, exposed pad [tqfp_ep] 500 sv- 48 -4 ad9954/pcbz 1 evaluation board used for the ad9951 1 z = rohs compliant part.
ad9951 rev. a | page 26 of 28 notes
ad9951 rev. a | page 27 of 28 notes
ad9951 rev. a | page 28 of 28 notes ? 2003 C 2009 analog devices, inc. all rights reserved. trademarks and registe red trademarks are the property of their respective owners. d03359 -0- 5/09(a)

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